Meibomian glands dysfunction is described as one of the most common ophthalmic diseases in the world. Meibomian glands dysfunction is the most common cause of posterior blepharitis. Meibomian glands are the only ones responsible for the production of the tear film lipid layer. There are many diseases which induce Meibomian glands dysfunction, even leading to their disappearance. It is concluded that Meibomian glands dysfunction can both cause and result from dry eye syndrome through a process of events involving inflammation of the ocular surface. Accurate diagnosis becomes a great challenge, and it is of key importance in selecting the optimal form of treatment. This article provides an overview of the current understanding of Meibomian gland dysfunction and its therapeutic outlook.