Cataract is the most common cause of reversible vision loss, and its surgery is a widely performed procedure. Modern cataract surgery carries minimal risk of serious complications, but patients are increasingly reporting post-operative dry eye syndrome. Dry eye syndrome is a multifactorial disease of the ocular surface that can worsen or develop after the procedure. The increased frequency of dry eye syndrome following cataract surgery results from corneal nerve damage, toxic effects of post-operative medications, and dryness of the ocular surface during the procedure. Dry eye syndrome after cataract surgery can persist chronically, causing symptoms such as burning, dryness, and pain. The incidence of post-operative dry eye syndrome ranges from 8–37%, most commonly occurring in older patients, those with systemic diseases, those taking medications, or those with pre-existing ocular surface disorders. Symptoms can last from a few days to up to 12 months after surgery. Cataract surgery in patients with dry eye syndrome may lead to exacerbation of the condition and complications, such as difficulties in calculating the power of the intraocular lens implant, problems with visualization during surgery, and dissatisfaction with the surgical outcome. Preoperative assessment of the ocular surface and treatment of dry eye syndrome are crucial to reduce the risk of post-operative complications. Preventive measures for dry eye syndrome include taking a history for ocular surface disorders, assessing the tear film, evaluating the function of the Meibomian glands, and appropriate treatment. Post-operative treatment of dry eye syndrome involves the use of lubricating drops, anti-inflammatory agents, and, in severe cases, immunomodulatory drugs, which improve symptoms. The application of appropriate surgical techniques, as well as preoperative prevention and post-operative treatment, are essential to minimize the occurrence of dry eye syndrome after cataract surgery.