Retinal vein occlusion is the second most common retinal vascular disease. Branch retinal vein occlusion is the most frequent form and differs significantly from central retinal vein occlusion in terms of epidemiology, clinical course, risk of complications, and therapeutic management. The disease shows a strong association with cardiovascular risk factors, and its occurrence is linked to increased mortality. The pathogenesis of the occlusion corresponds to the classic Virchow’s triad and includes endothelial damage, venous stasis, and hypercoagulability. Vessel closure leads to retinal ischemia, which induces overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor and inflammatory mediators, potentially resulting in macular edema and neovascular complications, including neovascular glaucoma. Therapeutic management of retinal vein occlusion focuses on treating complications responsible for vision deterioration. The treatment of choice for macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion is intravitreal anti vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. Retinal laser therapy remains the primary method for managing neovascular complications; however, it is not used prophylactically. Intravitreal steroids serve as second-line treatment for patients with an insufficient response or contraindications to anti vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. Vitrectomy is reserved for selected complications, particularly in cases of massive or recurrent vitreous hemorrhage.