Sturge–Weber syndrome is a congenital neurocutaneous disorder involving abnormalities of blood vessels (hemangiomas) in the brain, face, and eyes. It is not hereditary or genetic, but it is present from birth. The syndrome may manifest as facial port-wine stains, seizures, diffuse choroidal hemangioma, and glaucoma.
Glaucoma is one of the most common ocular complications in Sturge–Weber syndrome, affecting approximately 30% to 70% of individuals. Open-angle glaucoma is the more frequently observed subtype. Glaucoma may be present from birth (early onset) or develop later in childhood or adolescence (late onset). The exact mechanisms leading to glaucoma in Sturge–Weber syndrome are complex and may include abnormal development of the anterior chamber angle, elevated pressure in the episcleral veins, and focal venous hypertension.
The most commonly used treatments for secondary glaucoma in Sturge–Weber syndrome include pharmacotherapy and surgical intervention. It is important to note that due to anatomical abnormalities, the incidence of surgical complications is higher. As an alternative, non-penetrating surgical procedures, which carry a lower risk of complications, may be preferred. A beneficial effect of brachytherapy has also been observed in cases of diffuse choroidal hemangiomas.